Agroforestry implementation leading to increased ecosystem resilience

Integration of trees into crop/livestock systems to buffer climate impacts

Development of drought-resistant crop varieties leading to food security

Investment in R&D for climate-resilient seeds

Water retention techniques in fields leading to reduced irrigation needs

Adoption of mulching, cover crops, and water-saving practices

Climate-smart livestock management leading to reduced vulnerability

Adoption of adaptive grazing and shelter strategies

Restoration of wetlands leading to flood mitigation

Rehabilitation of natural water bodies on farmland

Overextraction of groundwater contributing to aquifer depletion

Excessive irrigation without recharge management

Monoculture cropping contributing to reduced biodiversity

Large-scale single crop production

Deforestation for farmland contributing to habitat loss

Conversion of forests to agricultural land

Overgrazing contributing to soil erosion

Intensive livestock grazing on vulnerable land

Failure to adapt causing crop yield losses

No investment in climate adaptation measures

Increased costs for climate adaptation measures

Need for new infrastructure or practices to cope with climate impacts

Reduced access to water due to changing rainfall patterns

Climate-driven shifts in precipitation

Loss of arable land due to extreme weather events

Frequent floods, droughts or storms

Insurance premium increases for climate-vulnerable assets

Greater exposure to climate-related losses

Reputational damage from failure to adapt to climate risks

Public perception of poor resilience

Expansion into climate-resilient crop markets leading to new revenues

Adoption of crops suited to changing climates

Accessing public subsidies for adaptation projects

Government support for adaptation investments

Partnerships with research institutes for climate solutions

Collaborative projects on adaptation technologies

Offering adaptation consulting to other farmers

Developing expertise and services for climate adaptation

Agroecological practices reducing GHG emissions

Transition to organic or low-input farming

Renewable energy adoption for farm operations

Installation of solar, wind or biogas systems

Carbon sequestration through reforestation

Planting trees on marginal or unused land

Manure management reducing methane emissions

Implementation of biogas digesters or composting

Promotion of low-emission livestock breeds

Breeding/selecting animals with lower methane output

Use of synthetic fertilizers contributing to N₂O emissions

Overapplication of nitrogen fertilizers

Open burning of crop residues contributing to air pollution

Field burning as a waste management method

Deforestation for agriculture contributing to CO₂ emissions

Land conversion from forest to farmland

High fuel use for machinery contributing to GHG emissions

Diesel-powered equipment and transport

Overstocking of livestock contributing to methane emissions

Excess animal density per hectare

Regulatory tightening on GHG emissions increasing compliance costs

Stricter environmental laws and reporting